Commander Saigo and his Paiwan Allies: The History and Transformations of an 1874 Photograph(下)

The diagonal yellow lines that cut the corners of the image simulate the fasteners that held picture postcards in place in collector’s albums at the time. This visual cue reminds us that this postcard was published at the height of a boom that saw hundreds of thousands of copies of some cards published under government auspices.

Here is a Russo-Japanese War card that employed the same design element, published on October 15th, 1905, with a print-run of 140,000 cards [6]:

[rj0031] Our Infantry Fighting on the River Hun; Our Look-out Erected on a Snow-clad Tree

The postcard album below was assembled from 1904 to 1908 by the Tsubokura family of Tokyo. One of the Tsubokura boys was dispatched to Liaoning and worked in logistics; the album preserves correspondence between the front and Tokyo. These albums were common at the time (photograph by Eric Luhrs).

The top card in the image below (“Taiwan Temple”), is from the 10th anniversary set of the Taiwan Government General (its first officially issued set of postcards). Its presence in the Tsubokura album links the Taiwan cards to the Russo-Japanese War postcard boom, and illustrates the physical attachment mechanism that was easily recognizable to consumers at the time:

Official commemorative Russo-Japanese War cards were issued in print runs ranging from 30,000 to one million; the usual number was around 140,000 cards. Based on these numbers, it would not be reasonable to estimate that at least 50,000, if not more, Taiwan Government General 13th Anniversary cards (with the group portrait from 1874) were produced in 1908.

This postcard image, with caption intact, was reprinted in the January 1916 monthly issue of a Tainan based photography club’s journal. It was one of a 12-photograph series about the Expedition. Aside from reproducing the caption from the 1908 postcard, this reproduction adds no new knowledge about the contents or origins of the photograph. Its radical cropping, lack of explanatory text, and visual marginalization suggest that the editors did not think of the group portrait as an image central to the iconography of the Taiwan Expedition.

[ts0460] The Formosan Punitive invasion in the 7th of Meiji, No.

After its appearance in the album above in 1916, this photograph seems to have kept a very low profile. Yamamoto Yoshimi discovered a 6 postcard set published by Saigo’s family on the twentieth anniversary of Saigo Tsugumichi’s death (1922).

Envelope for six-postcard set published on the 20th anniversary of Saigo Tsugumichi’s death. From private collection of Professor Yamamoto Yoshimi.

Five of the postcards are not connected to 1874:

Five of the six cards in Saigo Tsugumichi 20-year Death Anniversary Set, supplied by Professor Yamamoto Yoshimi.

However, one postcard indeed includes the group portrait, along with a picture of a silver bracelet that Saigo reportedly received from one of the headmen (and did not remove from his wrist for the rest of his life), the Imperial Order to “subjugate the barbarians,” and a note describing the bracelet (Yamamoto 2007, 188):

Saigo Tsugumichi 20-year Death Anniversary Set, supplied by Professor Yamamoto Yoshimi.

There is a copy of this card in the National Central Library’s postcard database (故侯爵與臺灣土人 (National Central Library, Taipei #002414324), and all six postcards are held in microform copy at the Salt Lake City Family History Center in Utah, under the title 故元帥候爵西郷従道二十周年祭記念絵葉書).

The photo was included in an imperial photo collection date the same year, 1922, called “Meiji-Taisho Trans-reign Commemorative Photograph Album.” 『明治大正連続記念写真帖 : 皇室軍事天変人事』. 東京:帝国記念協会.

In the mid-1930s, there was a Saigō boomlet that coincided with the rise of militarism and ultranationalism in the home islands and colonies. Saigō Totoku to Kabayama Sōtoku 西郷都督と樺山總督 was published in 1936. The editors thanked various supporters for raising money for an enormous 5000 yen subvention budget–this publication was indeed a labor-of-love. It is difficult to find an original copy today, suggesting that it had a small print run. This book was published to restore Saigo to a place of prominence in Taiwan’s history, it would seem. Unsurprisingly, then, Mizuno Jun’s name does not appear in the caption. Only Saigo is mentioned by name. In this 1936 version, the “savage settlement chiefs have been summoned-drafted 招集 to be separated out prior to the victory procession in order to be photographed with Commander Saigo.”

According to Professor Fix’s most recent analysis of the portrait, one the headmen sitting next to Saigo was quite possibly “Isa” (or “Esuck”) from Sabaree. Based his collation of a number of contemporary documents and his consultation of the 1936 account mentioned above, Fix also allows for the possibility that “Tokebunkya (土結文脚) from Churaso (豬勞束), Kareitai (加禮帶) from Monsui (蚊蟀), and Abiko (or Amiko 阿眉子) from Monsuiho (蚊蟀埔)” were present in the photograph. Yamamoto also provides this list, based on the same document, in her article. In addition, based on her reading of Kabayama Sukenori’s diary, Yamamoto also puts Isa/Esuck at the site of the photograph. As we have seen, Davidson also named Isa as a sitter for this photo. We can conclude from what is missing in these captions that Japanese image-makers and consumers were not much interested in Langqiao residents, or Paiwans, as individuals with names and biographies. Instead, they were content with general terms like “headman” “savage village” and “savage.” While there is much textual evidence to suggest that Langqiao political leaders considered themselves allies of the Japanese, and that some of them possessed formidable political, linguistic, and diplomatic skills, none of these considerations made it into the visual record I have been tracking in this post.

In the post-colonial period, as we have seen from the genealogy of drawings based on the group portrait, this image continues to circulate, and the captions and contexts continue to shift. Lin Chengrong’s 林呈蓉 The Truth about the Mudan Incident 牡丹社事件的真相 has perhaps followed Davidson in suggesting that Tokitok might present in the photograph. Incidentally, this claim is also reproduced on the Chinese Wikipedia page for Tokitok, which suggests that Davidson’s captioning has been taken at face value by a number of parties.

Lin Chengrong 林呈蓉, Mudan she shijian de zhenxiang 牡丹社事件的真相 (Xin Taipei: Boyang wenhua, 2006), p. 107.

The next reproduction is from a large collection of images organized around the theme of Indigenous resistance to Japanese imperialism, of which the 1874 Expedition forms the first chapter (in this narrative). The author of this book, Gen Zhiyou, has edited several other pictorial studies of Taiwanese resistance to Japanese rule as well as of the Atayal people. Novel to Gen’s usage of this image is his claim that the man seated in the front row all the way to the left is Pan Wenjie (潘文杰,Jagarushi Guri Bunkiet). I have not seen this claim in any study, and suspect that Saigo himself, as well as his family, would have trumpeted Pan’s presence if in fact Pan Wenjie had attended this get-together.

From: Gen Zhiyou 根誌優, 臺灣原住民族抗日史圖輯 : 1874-1933 = Collection of historical photographs of Taiwan’s indigenous people’s resistance against Japanese occupation. 臺北市 : 臺灣原住民, 2010.09.

In addition to the above recent books, the group portrait decorates websites, Wiki entries, and coffee-table books that will continue to find many viewers. On this website, it illustrates an opinion piece about the Han Chinese oppression of Indigenous Peoples, both as the lead image and as an embedded issue. Perhaps it is a tribute to this photograph’s revival that it has nothing at all to do with the content of the article!

However widespread this photo has become, it probably was not the dominant image of the Japanese Expedition to Hengchun during the period of Japanese colonial rule. It seems more likely that grave markers and monuments, or even scenic views of Stone Gate, were more pervasive.

Commander Saigo and his Paiwan Allies: The History and Transformations of an 1874 Photograph(上)

摘自 Lafayette 大學的東亞影像集 blog 網頁

During the period of Japanese colonial rule in Taiwan (1895-1945), thousands of photographs reached mass audiences via picture postcards. Seventy years later, many of these same images have enjoyed a revival, even though the empire has long since vanished. In this essay, I trace the history of one particular photograph: a group portrait of Saigō Jūdō 西郷 従道(Tsugumichi), a handful of Japanese comrades, and his Paiwan allies in the Hengchun peninsula. This is one of the few surviving photographs of the Japanese military expedition to Taiwan in 1874. I begin with two fairly recent Taiwanese book covers that utilize an 1874 photograph that formed the basis for a widely disseminated 1908 postcard:

The title on the left,《風港營所雜記: 牡丹社事件史料専題翻譯》 (Miscellany from Fenggang Camp: A Specialist Edition of Translated Historical Materials on the Mudan Incident) , is about as technical and narrowly targeted as a book can be. Except for the cover, there are no illustrations in this book, which was published by the Taiwan National Archives (Taiwan Historica) in 2003. To the right is a very different kind of publication: a colorful picture-packed general-audience book titled 牡丹社事件的真相 (The Truth about the Mudan Incident).

At first glance, it is easy to miss the resemblance between the two cover illustrations. One is a black-and-white photograph, and the other is a color drawing. Moreover, they are reverse images of each other. We can see from the cropped versions below, however, that the same scene is being quoted on both covers:

坐著的西鄉互為鏡像

But which reproduction ois “backwards”? Was Saigo Tsugumichi, the seated man in the center (circled in red) with the cap, looking to the right (from the cameraman’s perspective), or was he looking towards the left? I’m not sure. It seems that there are two lines of descent–from an 1874 photo and an 1875 etching–that have produced two separate genealogies of serial reproduction, both originating from a glass-plate negative that appears lost to the ravages of time.

This image was created in late 1874–Professor Yamamoto Yoshimi has proposed a window of November 27-28. Yamamoto’s estimate is consistent with a tradition established in 1936 by the photograph’s custodians, and is bolstered by an extensive reading of a wide variety of supporting contemporary documents and secondary scholarship. This window will be accepted as a starting point for this post. This group portrait records a conference, ceremony or photo-op that included commander Saigo Tsugumichi, a Chinese-language specialist name Mizuno Jun 水野遵, representatives of some of the “18 Tribes of Langqiao 瑯嶠十八社,” and various other participants in the meeting. The portrait was created at the end of a six-month punitive expedition undertaken by Japanese soldiers to the Hengchun (also known as Langqiao) peninsula in southern Taiwan. It will be referred to in the post as the “group portrait.” This conflict between nationally dispatched Japanese troops and locally organized groups of Taiwanese is known in Japan as the “Taiwan Expedition” 台湾出兵 or “Punitive Troop Dispatch to Taiwan” 征台の役 and in Taiwan as the “Mudan Incident” 牡丹社事件. In this post, it will be referred to as the Taiwan Expedition or the 1874 Expedition.

In very broad strokes, the Taiwan Expedition saw about 3600 Japanese troops and supporters sent to the island to punish Taiwanese residents of Mudan (also called “Botan”) for killing 54 shipwrecked Ryukyuan Islanders from Miyakojima in 1871.

牡丹社位置圖

In Japan and Taiwan, the time and location of these events are widely known, if not the details of the complex and drawn out diplomacy, logistics, and local repercussions that attended them. The Expedition is considered by some to be Japan’s first attempt to colonize Taiwan; others have analyzed its significance as modern Japan’s first foreign war; and yet others have regarded events of 1871 through 1874 as a critical juncture in Sino-Japanese diplomatic history (these interpretations are not mutually exclusive). Thus, the photo used on the covers of these two recent books are easily recognizable in Japan and Taiwan.

Nonetheless, as Yamamoto indicates in her article, and as Professor Douglas Fix 費德廉 has pointed out in a recent conference paper, we lack extant evidence to definitively identify the photographer and most of the figures in the picture. Professor Robert Eskildsen, another historian with extensive knowledge about Taiwan-Japanese relations during this period, has searched for the original source of this image in repositories throughout Taiwan and Japan, and has come up empty. So despite the group portrait’s notoriety, its origins and even contents remain somewhat murky.

The image that was likely created in November 1874 was reproduced soon after in February 1875 as an etching in The Graphic: An Illustrated Weekly Newspaper. This is the first publicly disseminated version of the group portrait that I am aware of:

Image from: Formosa: Nineteenth Century Images, Reed College “The Japanese Expedition to Formosa–General Saigo and the Native Chiefs, after the Latter had Tendered their Submission.” The Graphic: An Illustrated Weekly Newspaper Vol XI, No. 274 (27 February 1875): 204.

In the 1870s, it was not yet possible to publish photographs in newspapers, tabloids, or magazines without driving the price of such publications out of reach. Instead, etchings like the one above were modeled on photographic images so that the images could be published in mass-circulation formats. We can think of this process as “reformatting,” but as we shall see, the process involved a great deal more than a change of medium.

The first published copy of the photograph version of this image, (that I know of), appeared in James Davidson’s The Island of Formosa, Past and Present (London: Macmillan, 1903). The quarter-century time-lag between the two appearances can be partly attributed to the technological requirements of mass producing photographs in commercial books and magazines (as opposed to limited edition albums and government reports). Davidson’s book appeared at about the same time the National Geographic Magazine published its first set of photographs in 1904. Thus, we can regard Davidson’s use of reproduced photographs as fairly “cutting edge” for a mass-circulation book.

James Wheeler Davidson, The Island of Formosa, Past and Present. History, People, Resources, and Commercial Prospects. Tea, Camphor, Sugar, Gold, Coal, Sulphur, Economical Plants, and Other Productions (London and New York: Macmillan & Co.; Yokohama: Kelly and Walsh, 1903), pp. 126-127. link to book

As we can see, Davidson’s version is a reverse image of the one published twenty-eight years earlier in The Graphic:

Davidson’s book was first published in Yokohama, and provided Western readers with a positive account of Japanese colonial rule’s first seven years in Taiwan. Davidson was on familiar terms with Japan’s top politicians and military men. In his preface, Davidson thanked “the late Marquis Saigo 西鄉伯爵” for “two valuable old photographs,” which I take to be the photographs inserted between pages 126 and 127 of his book (shown above). Since Saigo Tsugumichi, the commander of the expedition, died in 1902, while Davidson was working on his book (from 1895-1903), I assume that Saigo himself provided Davidson a copy of this photograph.

One is tempted to think that since Saigo himself gave the photo to Davidson, his image is “correct,” while the artist who etched the figure for the The Graphic, (Horace Harral), reversed the image, or worked from a reversed print. However, a similar reversal occurred with the other “Taiwan Expedition” photograph in Davidson’s book, which he titled “Savage Visitors at Commander-in-Chief Saigo’s Headquarters” (see above). A decade before Davidson’s book was published, the etching below (by A. Kohl) appeared in a famous encyclopedic study of the world’s peoples by the anarchist geographer Élisée Reclus:

Image from: Formosa: Nineteenth Century Images, Reed College “Formosan types and costumes – Butan captives in Japan,” in Elisée Reclus, Formosa, The earth and its inhabitants. Asia. Vol. II, East Asia: Chinese empire, Corea, and Japan, edited by A. H. Keane (New York: D. Appleton, 1884), p. 280. link to book

Kohl’s etching, like Harral’s, is a reverse image of a photograph from Davidson’s book (with a number of architectural features cropped out):

版畫與原始照片互為鏡像

Is this a coincidence? Did two different artists, separated widely in time and space, happen to reverse the images provided to them in photographs from the “Taiwan Expedition”? It may be the case that they “traced” the photo to achieve scale and proportion, and that the presses merely transferred the reformatted images (etchings) to plates, and that the images was reversed during the printing process. Or the image might have been reversed in a transfer from negative to print in the photos that were distributed to Davidson and later publishers. In any event, after some kind of late nineteenth-century fork in the road, etchings and drawings reproduced Harral’s perspective, while photographs reproduced Davidson’s. Until an actual glass-plate negative of this photo is unearthed, we cannot be sure which way Saigo and the Langqiao headmen were facing on that November day in 1874.

At least two recent Taiwanese publications have reproduced the group portrait, and based their art on the etching, and not the photograph. We can make this claim because Horace Harral changed the hat and clothing on one of the figures in the photograph version of the portrait. I’ve used a better print than Davidson’s to highlight this alteration, and I’ve digitally reversed the Harral etching for purposes of comparison. The point here is that in the photograph, the man standing behind the seated musket-toting Langqiao warrior is wearing a cocked derby hat and a slightly rumpled suit jacket, while that same person in Harral’s etching looks like a well-scrubbed cadet or prep-school student. See the figures in red boxes:

紅框裡的人物裝束有變

I am not sure why Harral modified the attire of the man standing with one hand on his hip. Whatever the reasons, his alteration has survived in reproductions based on Harral’s sketch. Fast forwarding to a 1998 Taiwanese publication about Indigenous textiles, we see an example of an author who referred back to Harral’s etching to illustrate a contemporary text:

From: Li Shali 李莎莉, Taiwan yuan zhu min yi shi wen hua《台灣原住民衣飾文化》Culture of clothing among Taiwan aborigines : tradition, meaning, images (台北: Nantian 南天書局, 1998), p. 63

Although the author attributes this image to the Illustrated London News “ca. 1880,” I cannot find such an image in that publication, and think that the The Graphic illustration is indeed the source. Notice that the image is a reverse image of the Davidson photo of the same scene, and that the man standing with his hand on his hip is wearing a smart uniform and cap, and not a cocked derby and suit jacket. The image in Li’s book has been colorized, presumably to highlight the textile types from the period. Li employed this image to illustrate the use of Plains Aborigine betel nut bags. The colors added to the drawing make it easy to locate the bag. There is no reason to believe, however, that independent illustrators would arrive at the same color scheme for this black and white etching, since we have no supporting evidence to give us an idea of the actual colors of the clothing worn by most of the sitters in 1874. That these colors, along with the altered hat and jacket turn up again in yet another reproduction suggests a game of visual “telephone,” wherein each successive publisher transmits the alternations of a previous one as the image drifts further and further away from its original likeness. Based on the foregoing evidence, I believe that the middle image (from Li Shali’s book) is a copy from the top image (Harral’s etching), and that the bottom image (from the 2006 book cover) is derived from the middle image (Li Shali’s book).

Of course, it is important to ask what the various artists, authors, photographers, and sitters (models) intended to convey by producing, reproducing, and disseminating this portrait. At this point, I have only tried to establish a simple, but often overlooked point: the manipulation of photographic images–through cropping, alterations, coloration, labeling, and other means–is a normal part of the publication and dissemination process. We have already seen how one very famous image took on parallel lives as an etching and photograph because at some fork in the road, probably in the late nineteenth century, a reversal of the image occurred during the reproduction process. Moreover, very early in the transmission process, an influential artist, Horace Harral, created a fictitious character to replace a sitter. Subsequent publications have retained this presumably fictitious character as part of the portrait. Even the tourist station at the actual site of the battle, in Mudan Township, has adopted this altered photo in its otherwise scrupulous and very carefully arranged historical exhibit:

Photographs by author, December 5th, 2014:

The majority of reproductions of the group portrait are based on the photograph. Unsurprisingly, alternations still abound. Five years after Davidson’s book emerged, the Government General of Taiwan published the group portrait as part of a two postcard set to commemorate the 13th Anniversary of Japanese rule in the colony. It was issued on June 17th, 1908.

[lw0242] [Saigo Tsugumichi and Mizuno Jun in Hengchun, 1874]

The most striking difference between the Davidson reproduction and the postcard is that the latter includes more foliage on either side of the portrait. The Government General print confirms that Harral did not pencil in vegetation to make the scene more rustic, or tropical, but rather that Davidson’s reproduction cropped out vegetation on each side of the main scene. The captioning has also changed. Davidson captioned the group portrait in two ways. On top, “Commander-in-Chief Saigo and his staff (1874)” is written, and below are the names “Tokitok 卓杞篤, Isa 一色, (Marquis) Saigo, S. Midzuno [Mizuno].” In contrast, the Taiwan Government General postcard only names Saigo Tsugumichi and Mizuno Jun. By 1908, Mizuno had served as the Government General’s first Civil Administrator 民政局長 (1895-1897). Mizuno served under Governors-General Kabayama Sukenori 樺山資紀 (who also participated in the 1874 Expedition), Taro Katsura 桂 太郞 and Nogi Maresuke 乃木希典. Since the occasion of the card was to commemorate the Government General, it made sense to highlight Mizuno’s presence in Hengchun.

“Tokitok” (or Tauketok) was a paramount headman for all eighteen of lower Hengchun’s loosely confederated “tribes” during the late 1860s and early 1870s. Isa was another important headman in Langqiao. However, Tokitok died in 1873, and did not have any dealings with Japanese emissaries. He could not have been in this portrait. Tokitok was well known to U.S. Consul to Amoy, and later advisor to the Japanese government, Charles W. Le Gendre 李仙得. Davidson himself relied heavily on Le Gendre, and the American journalist Edward House, for his section about the 1874 Expedition. Based on the repeated references to Tokitok and Isa in these documents, I think that Davidson himself must have inferred that Tokitok and Isa were present in the group photograph. Like Harral’s alteration, Davidson’s innovation was picked up and transmitted by later publishers (see below).

(Continue reading…)

參考:姚開陽標誌性”水彩風”的歷史場景重現:

畫面加入了攝影師(取自:台灣海事博物館”牡丹社事件” 網頁

從”大姑陷/嵌”到大溪

大溪原為平埔族宵裡社及大姑嵌泰雅族內山原住民(外貌/服飾)居住的地方,清乾隆年間漢人開始招漢佃開墾,以宵裡社原住民之稱呼(Takoham)為大姑陷。同治年間因月眉人李騰芳中舉人後改為大科崁,後再以為是山城,乃將科字加山頭改為大嵙崁。大正九年改名大溪,當地人依靠大嵙崁溪(1966 年改名大漢溪)的舟楫水運,為貨物進出要道。

大嵙崁群烏來社的住家與榖倉。竹頂的是住家,茅草頂的是穀倉。有一男孩坐在穀倉底架上,他旁邊的圓形木版是防鼠板,住家屋簷下站著婦女與小孩。

當時在台北之外國洋行,大半多在大嵙崁設有分行或辦事處,主要者有英商魯麟洋行、德商公泰洋行、西班牙瑞記洋行及其他本地大商行和華僑茶商。這些商行都在大嵙崁收購當地所生產之樟腦、茶葉等特產和山產,利用大嵙崁溪流域水運之便,運往大稻埕等地加工外銷。河岸沿岸碼頭來往大嵙崁及台北之間,起卸貨之紅頭船約有二百五十艘之多,每艘船夫二人,搬貨苦力二人,故約有一千多人從事水運。春夏茶葉盛產時,載運最忙,河邊盛況更是空前。

在大嵙崁街對岸之粟子園河邊搭建之臨時倉庫,堆滿裝袋的茶葉,每日出貨載運五萬到十萬斤。苦力遠自龍潭、關西、竹東、南莊各地,一批又一批挑茶葉到大嵙崁河邊倉庫集散。帆船自大嵙崁河港出帆到台北艋舺、大稻埕,大約五小時就可以到達。自台北溯河上行大嵙崁,有風時十二小時可到,無風時則需要近一天。台北回航的船隻都滿載糧食、日用雜貨、百貨、磚瓦等回大嵙崁。

黃昏之時,草店尾之崎子路,有挑夫數百人拿著擔棒等候歸船入港。看見帆船喊叫聲便集合於河岸碼頭,立即卸下透夜挑到街上各商行棧。因此大嵙崁街成為山城物資集散地,繁榮光景約有三、四十年之久。但是明治36年創設桃崁輕便鐵道會社,鋪設桃園大嵙崁間輕便軌道後,大嵙崁河港之舟楫水運漸被輕便軌道取代。再加上大正八年開鑿桃園大圳,在石門建造攔水堰,引大嵙崁溪水灌溉桃園台地田園,河水大減,嚴重影響水運,大嵙崁之商業地位大受打擊。

富永豐,《大溪誌》,p134-136﹔
桃園廳,《桃園廳志》,p49。
王世慶,《淡水河流域河港水運史》, p55。

泰雅族 Gaogan 群番界吊橋

NTU 館藏(宮川次郎)木槲草織衣 – 胡家瑜

《中部平埔木槲草織花短衣》摘自:

《文物、造型與臺灣原住民藝術一臺大人類學博物館宮川次郎藏品圖錄》國立臺灣大學出版中心,中華民國104年11月初版,p.28

目前臺灣大學保存的 260件宮川次郎藏品當中,幾乎全部都是立體造型的文物,只有一件是屬於平面式的織品服飾類文物,這件藏品編號為#1881(圖 1-1),它的製作方法相當特別,是運用罕見的木槲草織花技術製成的短上衣。短衣全件大致呈正方形,長約 43公分,寬約 36公分,是以二片長條形織布,從肩部對折後再縫合背部而成”方衣式”短衣,左右二側腋下部位,只穿縫二條毛線編結的毛線條連結。短衣為對襟,領口剪裁為圓弧形,以深藍色棉布包覆領緣,領口處縫有一對藍色布扣。織布以黑麻線為底,用紅色和青藍色毛線,以及金黃色草皮,交織出色彩鮮豔和變化複雜的紋樣。

圖版 001 木槲草織花短衣 #1881 平埔/Babuza 或洪安雅
L:43cm、W:36cm
1933年2月入藏

二片織布皆由 21排平行織紋垂直接合組成,各排平行織紋包括米字紋、菱形堆疊紋、交叉紋、曲折紋和卍字紋等不同幾何紋飾;第 10 排位於肩部對折處,前、後 9排紋飾組合完全對稱。全件織布表面形成繁複對稱、鮮明閃亮而且華麗多彩的裝飾,展現特殊的美感。

圖 1-1
平埔新娘穿戴木槲草盛裝示意圖(胡家瑜研究、陳瑞鳳
繪圖、郭欣諭電腦後製)

宮川次郎在 1930年出版的《臺灣の原始藝術》書中,僅記錄這件短上衣為平埔族的衣服,並描述它:「堪稱臺灣蕃族織品傑作的物件,對織品與其所在通曉了解的人知道,現今只在臺中有一件、臺北兩件、東京一件,合計四件。屬於平織的錦緞,以深藍色為底色,配上白、藍、紅、紅黃、黃色。

特別珍奇的地方是利用黃色的石槲莖做出金色的效果,讓人不禁非常同意身為與自然共生的蕃族的用心。樣式相當單純,其變化僅在大膽配色產生的效果,讓人可以沒有遺憾地盡情品味,此非文明人輕易就能模仿。這個織物是否真的屬於平埔蕃,還有些疑問。」(參見附錄一:圖135)。

這件織品罕見之處,在於它使用了特別的製作技術,將曬乾的金黃色木槲草莖外皮製成織線,一根根穿夾進織布塊,形成帶有光澤而類似金線般的閃亮紋飾。宮川在記錄中提到這種金黃色線,是由一種黃色石槲的莖製成。此種黃色石槲,一般俗稱為「金草蘭」或「細幹石樹」,學名為 Dendrobium faviflorum Hayata(或Dendrobium chryseum Rolfe 等同物異名)。它是生長在臺灣的一種蘭科石槲屬植物,屬於春石槲。這種植物的分佈地主要在北部和中部山區,尤其是臺中、南投和嘉義一帶。它的莖直立而叢生,呈細長圓柱狀,顏色為黃棕色;葉子為黃綠色,呈狹長尖橢圓形;開美麗鮮豔的金黃色花。通常一叢木槲蘭是由數十支莖組成,有時還可以多達上百支莖。

木槲草的莖抽絲製線後,再用水平背帶織布機穿夾織成繁複美麗的紋樣;由於木槲草的纖維較脆、較硬,因此呈現出較立體的織布紋飾。這種製線和織布技術,充分展現臺灣原住民獨特的植物知識和傑出的工藝能力;不過很可惜,目前這樣的知識技術早已失傳。1

圖 1-3
伊能採集的木槲草頭飾(國立臺灣大學人類學博物館藏品 #158)
圖 1-4
渡邊採集的木槲草頭飾(國立臺灣大學人類學博物館藏品 #2004)

現今留存的平埔木槲草服飾藏品非常稀少,目前知道僅在臺灣大學人類學博物館藏有 5件,國立臺灣博物館藏有 2件,日本的博物館應該還有 1件。2臺灣大學的平埔木槲草服飾藏品,除了宮川次郎採集的這一件織花短上衣之外,還有 1929年入藏伊能嘉矩採集的一件木槲草串珠頭飾(見圖 1-3)、1934年入藏渡邊貴在埔里林仔城採集的一件木槲草串珠頭飾(見圖 1-4),以及 1939年入藏高島丈太郎在埔里採集的一件織花腰裙和一件織花腰帶(見圖1-5、圖1-6)。

圖 1-5
採自埔里林仔城的木槲草織花腰裙(國立臺灣大學人類學博物館藏品 #2674)
圖 1-6
採自埔里林仔城的木槲草織花腰帶(國立臺灣大學人類學博物館藏品 #2677)

1934年入藏的渡邊貴採集文物中,原本還有另一件木槲草織花短衣(#1999),可惜在交接轉手過程中已經遺失。所幸1954年李亦園發表的〈臺灣平埔族的器用與衣飾〉一文,還曾針對那件現已遺失的渡邊貴所採木槲草短衣進行過檢視分析,並附有記錄和手繪插圖:「為一對襟、圓領、無袖、無扣短衣,長僅27.5cm,寬 53cm,出手 26.5cm,長寬指數 51.9。係以二幅深藍色粗麻布為面縫製而成。以淺藍色麻布為裡。襟、擺及衣側均以紫紅色麻線縫緄。衣之正面及背面全部挑織以櫻紅色、礦藍色、白色麻線及木斛草皮(Dendrobiumfaviflorum)3之紋飾;花紋在正面與背面者相同,均以一寬約10cm 之縱連菱紋為主,而上下各附以二道較窄之花紋。」(李亦園1954)(見圖 1-7)。

圖 1-7
渡邊貴採集的木槲草短衣手繪圖(李亦園 1954)

雖然宮川次郎的描述中推測這件木槲草織花短衣來自平埔族,但不敢確定。後來許多博物館和研究學者引述時,都因為資料顯示木槲草服飾主要採自埔里,而將木槲草服飾歸為巴則海(巴宰)族服飾的特色。但是,這種粗略的印象式分類很有問題。事實上,埔里盆地從19世紀初期起,是臺灣西部各個平埔族群共同遷居的地點。從渡邊貴的採集記錄可知,幾件材料組合和風格相似的木槲草服飾,主要採自埔里林仔城(現今南投縣埔里鎮籃城社區),主要是原居於彰化和雲林一帶東螺社或阿束社平埔族人的遷居地。

圖 1-8
採自埔里的木槲草短衣(國立臺灣博物館藏品 #AT277)

不過,有關東螺社和阿束社的族群分類,還有一些爭議。部分語言學者認為他們原屬於「費佛朗群」(或「華武壠群」)語言系統;目前一般採用的平埔分類,「巴布薩族」或「洪安雅族」都有可能。因此,初步歸納,過去彰化、南投一帶的巴布薩或洪安雅族人,具有木槲草織布技術和穿戴木槲草服飾的偏好。宮川採集的這件木槲草織花短衣,很可能與後來遷居到埔里的巴布薩族或洪安雅族有關。

此外,國立臺灣博物館保存有二件木槲草短衣(#AT277和 #AT581),形式、風格、大小和織紋都與 #1881 這一件木槲草短衣極為類似(見圖 1-8、圖 1-9),其中一件(#AT581)來源記載是埔里大肚城東螺社。因此,從現有採集資料看來,木槲草服飾藏品主要與過去東螺社平埔族人的服飾文化相關。

圖 1-9
採自埔里東螺社的木槲草短衣(國立臺灣博物館藏品 #AT581)

1897年8月12 日伊能嘉矩到埔里東螺社調查,他記錄中提到東螺社的名稱為「Taopari」,大約是西元 1827-1837年間,在頭人 Vasin 帶領之下,從舊彰化縣遷來的。記錄中伊能還提到,當時埔里東螺社族人,知道其原有語言者不多,即使有人記得,語詞也有限,但其語言特色是促音用得很多。在風俗方面,都已漢化了,只有女子仍保留平埔髮式,他們的臉長而扁圓,身軀肥胖,尤其是女子,豐滿者不少(伊能嘉矩著,楊南郡譯 1996)。在伊能嘉矩後來建構的臺灣原住民分類體系中,東螺社被歸類為巴布薩族(Babuza)。

然而,究竟這種類型的木槲草織布服飾,有什麼使用脈絡,又具有何種文化意義?由於現在已經幾乎無法再找到曾經有過相關生活記憶的人,因此只能從歷史文獻中探尋一些線索。目前可以找到最早的蛛絲馬跡,出現於17世紀荷蘭時期傳教士甘治士(Rev. Georgius Candidius)的記錄,他在《福爾摩沙簡報》中提到當時臺南各社原住民結婚時的聘禮,除了狗毛衣(ethatao)、康干布(cangans)或漢人衣服之外,還有粗麻腰帶、鹿皮製綁帶式長襪、臂環、手鐲和戒指,以及「類似精緻主教冠的珍貴稻草和狗毛製頭飾」( Campbell 1903: 18, 19) 。

“罽毯”上的各種「達戈」紋

另外,康熙36年(1697年)來臺灣採硫礦並撰寫當時臺灣見聞《裨海紀遊》的郁永河,他在《番境補遺》中提到水沙廉(水沙連)原住民:
「其番善織罽毯,染五色狗毛雜樹皮為之,陸離如錯錦,質亦細密;四方人多欲購之,常不可得。」

康熙 61年(1722年)巡臺御史黃叔璥在《臺海使槎錄》一書的「番俗六考」中,記載當時「北路諸羅番六」的南投、北投、貓羅、半線、柴仔阬、水里等社原住民衣飾為:「衣用達戈紋或用皁布、白布,俱短至臍。每年二月間力田之候,名換年;男女俱衣雜色綢紵紅襖,曰包練;或妝蟒錦繡為之。番婦頭帶紗頭箍,名荅荅悠;用白獅犬毛作線織如帶,寬二寸餘,嵌以米珠。飲酒嫁娶時戴之。番最重此犬,發縱指示,百不失一;或以牛易之,尚有難色。」另外,被歸為「北路諸羅番三」的大武郡、貓兒干(或麻芝干)、西螺、東螺、他里霧、猴悶、斗六(或柴里)、二林南社、阿東、大突眉里、馬芝遴等社衣飾為:「達戈紋用苧織成,領用茜毛織以紅紋為衣,長只尺餘,釘以排扣。下體用烏布為蔽,長二尺餘。…東螺社,幼時兩家倩媒說合,男家用螺錢三、五枚為定;娶時再用數錢。或姊、妹、妯、娌迎新婦入門,男女並坐杵臼上,移時而起;女戴搭搭干,用篾為之,嵌以蛤圈及燒石珠,插以雉尾為飾。」(黃叔璥1722)。

乾隆9年(1744年),滿州旗人六十七擔任巡臺御使來臺灣巡視,將他所見的臺灣原住民風俗,請畫工繪製「番社采風圖」並親自撰寫圖考。對於其中一幅「迎婦」圖他描寫如下:「彰邑東螺、西螺、大武郡、半線等社,娶彰(親之誤)迎婦,名為牽手。」(六十七 1744)。圖中新娘坐在四人扛抬的竹架上,穿著紅上衣、藍裙等盛裝,頭上戴著特殊的頭箍式紅色珠串羽飾寬頭飾(見圖 1-10)。

圖 1-10
番社采風圖「迎婦」(中央研究院歷史語言研究所藏)

同時期,謝遂《職貢圖》畫卷(1751-1793年繪製)中彩繪圖像描繪的西螺社女子服飾,是在漢式服飾之上穿著短衣和紅色織花短裙,腰繫紅色腰帶(見圖 1-11);此外,有關水沙連社女子的描寫則提到:「番婦挂圓石珠于頂,自織布為衣,善織毯,染五色狗毛雜樹皮陸離如錦⋯。」(圖 1-12,莊吉發 1989)。

圖 1-11
根據清 謝遂《職貢圖》西螺社女子服飾重繪

從上述片段的歷史文獻和圖像大致可知,過去記錄中被稱為「達戈紋」的織布,是有一種夾有「樹皮」的織布,這種織布經常與染有不同顏色的白獅犬狗毛線共同織成,是非常珍貴難得的織布;可見早期臺灣原住民具有「樹皮」和狗毛夾織的織布技術。尤其在現今彰化、南投和日月潭附近原住民,織出的「毯」質地細密,且紋樣繁複如錦,非常搶手,不容易買到。另外,史料也顯示,18世紀左右,彰化地區東螺、西螺和半線社一帶原住民結婚時,新娘頭戴寬約 5公分的狗毛線、篾和玻璃珠串編結頭飾,稱為「荅荅悠」或「搭搭干」,並穿著短至肚臍的紅色達戈紋織布短衣。

圖 1-12
清 謝遂《職貢圖》水沙連等社歸化生番

從目前有限的資料推測,宮川次郎所採集的這一件木槲草與毛麻線織的短衣,很可能與過去東螺、西螺、半線或水里等社原住民的織布和服飾文化傳統有關,可能是巴布薩或洪安雅平埔族人結婚時,新娘搭配華麗頭飾的禮服之一。不過,這件短衣中夾織的紅色和青藍色毛線,是否會是文獻中記載的染色白獅犬狗毛線?目前由於採集者沒有留下記錄資料,也未經實驗比對驗證,因此無法過度推測。

綜觀而言,宮川次郎 1930年出版《臺灣の原始藝術》一書時,原本就對織品服飾的關心較少,相關描寫討論不多,有些訊息也有錯誤。4全書他只納入了 6件原住民織品文物,包括泰雅族1件織花長衣、排灣族2件織花喪布、平埔族(巴宰族或噶哈巫族)1件織花短衣和1件織花布旗,另外就是本件木槲草織花短衣。1933年他出售給臺北帝國大學「土俗人種學講座」的藏品,只有這一件木槲草短衣,當時書中其他宮川採集的織品服飾文物,後來都不知去向。

註釋》

1 陳奇祿認為木槲草是以類似北美印地安人縫飾豪豬刺的方法(porcupine-quil work),做成紋樣 (Chen 1968:185,陳奇祿 1992:408)。不過,有些研究者認為這是以挑花織法織成。
2 目前知道日本東京的民藝博物館(柳宗悅*創始)也收藏 1件木槲草織花短衣。(2014年蔡玉珊老師曾為該館原民服飾藏品建檔)
3 原文附註:參看宮本延人,〈平埔蕃 Pazeh 族上衣》,《民族學研究》,第18卷第 1、2號(日本民族學協會發行,昭和 29年)。
4 其中一件作為獎賞的織花布旗,他根據紋樣認為是泰雅族,但其實應該是巴宰族或噶哈巫族「走鏢」勇士獲勝獎勵的布旗;參見附錄一:圖138。

1751年乾隆帝下令繪製之《皇清職貢圖》卷三描繪有 13 幅臺灣原住民圖;從水沙連歸化生番婦可見謝遂圖與之近似。
附錄一:圖 138
平埔「走鏢」勇士獲勝獎勵的布旗(寬一尺三寸、長四尺;宮川次郎藏)

此巴宰或 Kaxabu 族的錦標旗已由輔大蔡玉珊老師解析並完成復刻重製

* 柳宗悅被尊稱為日本民藝之父,於 1943年3-4月間曾到台灣考察,帶回 80+件台灣原民服飾,成為館藏。

平埔巴布薩族織錦短衣
東京日本民藝館藏品
全衣長 34.5cm,寬 54cm。

埔里平埔族調查 1910

從1910年埔里平埔族調查史料
【看見埔里平埔的榮耀】

明治 43年(1910) 3月,南投廳長久保通猷提交臺灣總督府蕃務本署一份《平埔蕃調查書》(現國立台灣圖書館珍藏手抄本),記載當時埔里街之平埔蕃(平埔族)戶口調查資料,十分珍貴,成為研究埔里盆地平埔族親重要的歷史文獻。埔里很多人有平埔族的血統;透過這份戶口資料,是否引動您探詢自己是否為平埔族人的興趣?

【巴布蘭】(巴布拉;拍瀑拉) 原居大肚溪以北之平原:
埔里社街,7戶,男4人、女9人,計13人
桃米坑庄,1戶,男2人、女3人,計5人
生蕃空庄,21戶,男61人、女71人,計132人
水 頭 庄,3戶,男5人、女6人,計11人
烏牛欄庄,2戶,男8人、女1人,計9人
大肚城庄,54戶,男164人、女139人,計303人
牛相觸庄,13戶,男41人、女38人,計79人
【阿里昆】彰化地區及其附近:
埔里社街,17戶,男28人、女32人,計60人
枇杷城庄,26戶,男78人、女72人,計150人
桃米坑庄,0戶,男0人、女1人,計1人
水 頭 庄,36戶,男105人、女93人,計198人
牛眠山庄,10戶,男22人、女22人,計44人
史港坑庄,9戶,男14人、女13人,計27人
小埔社庄,0戶,男1人、女1人,計2人
烏牛欄庄,2戶,男10人、女9人,計19人
大肚城庄,4戶,男10人、女13人,計23人
大 湳 庄,2戶,男20人、女11人,計31人

【巴則海】原居葫蘆墩及東勢角附近:
埔里社街,2戶,男2人、女8人,計10人
枇杷城庄,32戶,男84人、女87人,計171人
大肚城庄,3戶,男4人、女2人,計6人
桃米坑庄,1戶,男1人、女4人,計5人
水 頭 庄,1戶,男5人、女5人,計10人
牛眠山庄,47戶,男128人、女164人,計292人
史港坑庄,6戶,男9人、女11人,計20人
小埔社庄,0戶,男0人、女1人,計1人
烏牛欄庄,8戶,男20人、女25人,計45人
牛相觸庄,8戶,男29人、女26人,計45人
大 湳 庄,48戶,男142人、女163人,計305人

【貓霧捒】(巴布薩) 鹿港地方及其附近:
埔里社街,15戶,男23人、女20人,計43人
桃米坑庄,0戶,男0人、女1人,計1人
生蕃空庄,1戶,男3人、女2人,計5人
水 頭 庄,1戶,男1人、女5人,計6人
牛眠山庄,3戶,男10人、女7人,計17人
史港坑庄,3戶,男9人、女4人,計13人
烏牛欄庄,3戶,男4人、女8人,計12人
房 里 庄,1戶,男2人、女4人,計6人
大肚城庄,50戶,男189人、女166人,計355人
大 湳 庄,4戶,男21人、女12人,計33人

【道卡斯】原居苗栗及新竹附近:
埔里社街,6戶,男9人、女7人,計16人
桃米坑庄,3戶,男20人、女11人,計31人
牛眠山庄,31戶,男82人、女96人,計178人
史港坑庄,14戶,男52人、女60人,計112人
烏牛欄庄,43戶,男94人、女105人,計199人
水 尾 庄,17戶,男55人、女54人,計109人
房 里 庄,98戶,男284人、女288人,計572人
大肚城庄,1戶,男1人、女1人,計2人
大 湳 庄,9戶,男24人、女10人,計34人

【魯羅阿】(羅亞) 原居嘉義地方及其附近:
牛眠山庄,2戶,男16人、女15人,計31人
史港坑庄,5戶,男19人、女21人,計40人
小埔社庄,0戶,男0人、女2人,計2人
大 湳 庄,0戶,男2人、女6人,計8人
總計653戶,男1,920人、女1,939人,共3,859人。

2018 故宮展:16 族原住民及(約10族之多的)平埔族衣飾文化

摘自:李莎莉策展(2018)《織路繡徑穿重山:臺灣原住民族服飾精品聯展》

導論中【平埔原住民 Plains Indigenous Peoples 】

平埔原住民係指居住在臺灣西、北、南及東北海岸平原、盆地一帶,與漢人接觸較早的原住民。目前由北而南的分布,即凱達格蘭、道卡斯、巴宰、噶哈巫、巴布拉、巴布薩、和安雅、西拉雅、大武壠、馬卡道等族群。

參考大英藏品繪製之平埔Pazeh 巴宰族或 Kaxabu 噶哈巫族婦女傳統盛裝示意圖(胡家瑜研究、陳瑞鳳繪圖、吳佳錚、郭欣諭電腦後製)

由於與漢人的接觸較早,因此在服裝上受漢式服裝的影響很大;而文獻上的記載,許多平埔原住民的社會制度係以母系社會為最大特質,對該族群服飾的描述相當有限,且未載明服飾上有否階級的區分,不過,當時中部的巴宰、噶哈巫與和安雅三族婦女善於織布,早在十七、八世紀的文獻史料中即曾提及。

巴宰族布掛旗
Pazeh cloth banner
年代:1880-1920
尺寸:L.124×W.46cm
地域:南投縣埔里鎮
典藏:國立臺灣博物館

記錄中經常提到一種用苧麻織成的「達戈紋」布,使用茜草染成紅色,夾織出有美麗紅色織紋的衣服;有時還會用異種狗的狗毛和樹皮草莖(如木槲草),織出紋樣繁複極為珍貴罕見的織布。這些中部平埔原住民的衣飾大多有美麗獨特的織紋,其類型主要包括短衣、長衣、前遮片、腰裙、腰帶,以及多彩的珠串頭飾和項鍊等,展現婦女精湛的織布技術以及裝飾美感。

南部的西拉雅、大武壠與馬卡道三族的刺繡相當精緻美麗。其中尤以原居於臺南玉井一帶,遷居後現今部落主要分布在楠仔仙溪和荖濃溪中游,包括高雄甲仙、杉林、荖濃、六龜附近、臺南六重溪,以及少數遷至臺東富里大庄等地大武壠族刺繡技術最為發達。現今保存下來的大武壠傳統衣飾大都使用貿易棉布製成,採十字繡與平針繡的技法,施以美麗、多彩且豐富的刺繡紋樣,包括菱形變化紋、直線紋、山形曲折紋和多種具象圖案等。菱形十字紋,經常繡在披肩或腰裙周緣,形成邊框狀單排裝飾。針狀花球紋,則常在腰帶、頭巾和佩袋等衣物上運用,可多排連結並列;服飾類型大致包括:短上衣、披肩、頭巾、腰帶和佩袋等。

馬卡道族頭巾繡片
Makatao embroidered head cloth
年代:1930(入藏)
尺寸:L.13.5×W.49 cm
地域:屏東縣高樹鄉泰山村(加蚋埔)
典藏:國立臺灣大學人類學博物館

而北部的凱達格蘭族經常透過以物易物的方式引進新的生活物資、工藝形式,以豐富既有的生活形態,因此普遍使用外來交易的飾品。其中頸飾與胸飾,材質多為玻璃珠串或瑪瑙珠串。另有耳飾及腕飾則大多為金屬類素材。

參閱:胡家瑜專文

約1920年代發行的「看見臺灣」系列明信片影像,文字標註原為「盛裝的蕃人」,臺灣博物館的考證則為「著年祭布掛旗的巴則海平埔族人」,應為當時走標優勝所獲的布旗

中部平埔原住民的衣飾 – 胡家瑜

胡家瑜原著、申尚艷整理

摘自:《織路繡徑穿重山:臺灣原住民族服飾精品聯展》出版者/國立故宮博物院
民國 107年9月 初版

「平埔」其實並不是一個族,而是包含許多早期居住在臺灣西部、北部或東北部平原地區,使用不同南島語言,而且文化內涵性質有複雜差異的臺灣原住民。17 世紀起,隨著外來強權進入臺灣,這些地區的原住民陸續被納入管轄範疇。清帝國統治時期,主要將劃入納稅服役範圍的平原地區原住民稱為「熟番」或「平埔番」,以此與山區未納入統制範圍的「生番」或「高山族」相對。但早期統治者對於平埔原住民間的文化關聯或差異,並未有清楚的分辨概念,平埔原住民的生活世界和社會文化樣貌,由於直接遭受統治施政的影響,以及持續與擴張的漢人移民衝擊碰撞,因而發生劇烈轉變,至19世紀後半期,許多平埔原住民的社會組織逐漸瓦解,固有的語言陸續流失,物質生活更快速地變化。

1895年日本取得臺灣後,開始有系統地進行民族學調查研究,最早到臺灣進行原住民調查的先驅研究者伊能嘉矩(Ino Kanori),1898年在《東京人類學會雜誌》首次提出原住民分類系統時,將當時受漢文化影響而語言文化已經流失的原住民稱為「平埔族」,並根據祖源傳說或文化習俗的差異,將其分為 Kavarawan(噶瑪蘭)、Ketagalan(凱達格蘭)、Taokas(道卡斯)、Pupuran(巴布拉)、Poavosa(巴布薩)、Pazzehe(巴則海)、Arikun(阿里坤)、Lloa(羅阿)、Siraiya(西拉雅)、和 Ttao(馬卡道)等十族(伊能1898),然而他並未說明這些平埔原住民間的文化性質差異,也未為他所區分的十族留下可供比較分析的具體圖像。這些分類名稱大部分至今仍然沿用,但分類的內涵,在經過多位學者的研究發展後,已有了不同的樣貌。

平埔原住民文物收藏的歷史脈絡

19世紀民族學科蓬勃發展,當時民族學研究認為藉由分析研究收藏採集來的物質文化標本,是理解不同社會文化性質的最佳管道,因此採集各地的文物標本,被視為是研究文化的必要過程。然而,這些跨文化的收藏採集活動,無可避免地受到民族學知識建構和殖民勢力擴張的影響,經常伴隨著複雜的統治支配和權力競賽的關係(胡家瑜 2015)。

19 世紀後半,最早開始在臺灣採集民族學標本的先驅者,是臺灣開港後前來的西方領事官員、商人、或傳教士。如馬偕 (Leslie G. Mackey)牧師是在宜蘭和花蓮平原宣教旅行,也是採集噶瑪蘭文物的重要人物;馬雅各 (James L. Maxwell)和甘為霖(William Campbell)牧師,即主要在中部和南部宣教 、行醫和設教,主要採集巴宰族2或噶哈巫族3的文物。這些採集的文物標本和資料,在這些階段性來台工作或旅行探險的歐美人士回國時,大多被輾轉帶回,現成為西方民族學博物館的藏品,同時也保存了臺灣早期重要且珍貴的平埔原住民文物。

1895 年之後日本學者對原住民研究和採集動力相當多元,除了運用國家力量系統性地展開對臺灣原住民的調查研究和臺灣知識建構行動外,還有不少私人興趣者進行採集收藏;不過當時許多平埔族群聚落已經離散瓦解,因此相關文物收藏已不易取得。1928 年成立的臺北帝國大學的「土俗人種學講座」(也就是現今國立臺灣大學人類學系的前身),無疑是日本時代收藏保存原住民藏品資料的重要機構之一,除了文物和資料外,亦保存許多珍貴田野照片、16 釐米紀錄片、蟲膠錄音唱片、古文書等。目前保存在臺大人類學博物館的臺北帝大「土俗人種學講座」時期的文物,主要由最早的原住民研究先驅伊能嘉矩、土俗人種學講座師生如移川子之藏、宮本延人和馬淵東一、語言學講座教授淺井惠倫等人,和民間收藏家如宮川次郎、增田善造、渡邊貴、尾崎秀真等人採集。

早期歷史文獻明確提到平埔族群衣飾特性的資料非常零星片段,很難完整呈現其衣飾文化,目前我們僅能從不同時期的文獻和影像資料,與保存在世界各地博物館的衣飾,約略拼湊和嘗試解讀平埔原住民衣服和身體裝飾的特性,和不同時期的衣飾變化。

中部平埔原住民衣飾

早期提及臺灣中部平埔族群衣飾特性的文獻資料雖不多,但許多文獻資料都顯示臺灣中部平原地區的原佳民婦女擅長織布。文獻中經常提及一種用苧麻織成的「達戈紋」布,以茜草將苧麻和狗毛染色交錯夾織成美麗紅色織紋的衣服:有時會將染成不同顏色的異種狗毛和樹皮草莖(如木槲草莖),夾織成紋樣華麗繁複、極為珍貴罕見的織布。

康熙36年來臺採硫礦並撰寫《裨海記遊》的郁永河在《番境補遺》提到水沙廉(水沙連)4原住民:「其番善織罽毯,染五色狗毛雜樹皮為之,陸離如錯錦,質亦細密:四方人多欲購之,常不可得。」(郁永河 1697,胡家瑜 2015:35);康熙 55年至56年間諸羅知縣周鍾瑄主修的《諸羅縣志》和同時期的黃叔璥在《臺海使槎錄》(康熙61年)等書中,皆曾約略描述岸裡、阿里史、樸仔籬和烏牛欄等部落原住民身著鹿皮衣、織花衣、及臍短衣、二幅布縫合而成的無袖方衣,下身以方布遮蔽前體;嫁娶盛裝時穿紅衣,配戴骨、貝、玻璃珠、瑪瑙珠等各種首飾(周鍾瑄 1717;黃叔璥 1722),周鍾瑄更提到:「樸仔籬、烏牛欄等社有異種狗,狀類西洋;不大而色白,毛細軟如綿,長二、三寸。番拔其毛,染以茜草,合而成線,雜織領袖衣帶間;相間成文,朱殷奪目。數社之犬,惟存其鞹。」(周鍾瑄 1717;胡家瑜、歐尼基 2018:82);黃叔璥在《臺海使槎錄》的「番俗六考」中,亦記載當時「北路諸羅番六」的南投、北投、貓羅、半線、柴仔阬、水里等社原住民:「衣用達戈紋或用皁布、白布,俱短至臍。每年二月間力田之候,名換年;男女俱衣雜色綢紵紅襖,曰包練;或妝蟒錦繡為之。番婦頭帶紗頭箍,名荅荅悠;用白獅犬毛作作線織如帶,寬二寸餘,嵌以米珠。飲酒嫁娶時戴之。」;另外被歸類為「北路諸羅番三」的大武郡、貓兒干(或麻芝干)、西螺、東螺、他里霧、猴悶、斗六(或柴里)、二林南社、阿東、大突眉里、馬芝遴等社衣飾為:「達戈紋用苧織成,領用茜毛織以紅紋為衣,長只尺餘,釘以排扣。下體用烏布為蔽,長二尺餘。」(黃叔璥 1722;胡家瑜 2015:35-36)。

可見早期中部的平埔原住民具有將「樹皮」和狗毛染色夾織的織布技術,尤其在現今彰化、南投和日月潭附近的原住民能以此技術織出質地細密且紋樣繁複如錦的「毯」,非常珍貴不易買到,但很可惜目前這樣的技術已經失傳。在彰化東螺、西螺、和半線社一帶原住民結婚時,新娘頭戴稱「荅荅悠」或「搭搭干」、寬約 5公分的狗毛線、篾和玻璃珠串所編結頭飾,並穿著短至肚臍的紅色達戈紋織布短衣(胡家瑜 2015:37)。

番社采風圖(1744~47)「迎婦」(局部):彰邑東螺、西螺、大武郡、半線等社取親迎婦,名為牽手

後來因漢人移民增加,中部平埔族群大量流失土地,1820 年代起,包括道卡斯族、巴宰族、噶哈巫族、巴布拉族、巴布薩族、和安雅族(或稱洪安雅族)等陸續遷移至埔里,目前少數留存下來的中部平埔原住民衣飾,多是埔里採集所得(胡家瑜2018:40)。1897 年伊能嘉矩到巴宰(Pazzehe)各部落調查時提到族人:「結婚的時候,新郎和新娘戴花帽(mareto)、身穿一套禮服,分為上衣、下衣和胸兜。」(伊能嘉矩著、楊南郡譯1996;胡家瑜、歐尼基2018:82)。20 世紀中期,宮本延人描寫埔里巴宰族(Pazeh)的衣服時,也提到埔里烏牛欄周邊部落婦女用原色苧麻、藍色棉線和紅色毛線織出華美的祖先紋樣,男女在祭典儀式時穿著這種傳統衣服(宮本延人 1953:65;胡家瑜、歐尼基2018:82)。

在這個時期採集,目前收藏在國立臺灣大學人類學博物館的巴宰族、噶哈巫族、巴布薩族與和安雅族(或稱洪安雅族)衣飾,種類有織花短衣、長衣、前遮片、腰裙、腰帶、頭飾或項鍊等,纖花衣飾的材料除了麻以外,尚有珍費的木槲草織花衣飾、利用狗毛、木槲草、瑪瑙與玻璃珠製成的頭飾等。至於織花衣飾中紅色或彩色線當中是否有使用狗毛線編織而皮的衣服,則因缺少科學檢驗資料而不得而知。織紋上則仍保有華麗複雜且獨特多變的風格。這些衣飾同時展現了當時中部平捕原住民婦女精湛的織布技巧,和不同族群文化豐富的裝飾美感。

木槲草織花衣飾是將曬乾的金黃色木槲草莖外皮製成織線,夾纖進布塊,形成帶有金黃色光澤、像使用金線一般的紋飾。現今已知留存下來的木槲草服飾藏品很稀少,目前僅知道在墓灣大學人類學博物館藏 5件、國立臺灣博物館藏有 2件、日本東京民藝博物館應該還有 1件(胡家瑜 2015:32)。人類學博物館其中一件木槲草織花短衣為宮川次郎採集,他在1930 年出版的《臺灣的原始藝術》書中推測此為平埔族的衣服,而後來的研究者則因木槲草服飾主要採自埔里,所以推斷此為巴則海(巴宰)族服飾的特色。

事實上,埔里盆地從 19世紀初期起,是臺灣西部各平埔族共同遷居的地點。從渡邊貴的採集記錄可知,幾件材料組合和風格類似的木槲草服飾,主要採集自埔里林仔城(現今南投縣埔里鎮籃城社區),主要是居住於彰化和雲林一帶東螺社或阿束社平埔族人的遷居地。國立臺灣博物館所保存的兩件,其中一件來源記載為埔里大肚城東螺社。因此從現存的採集資料看來,木槲草服飾應主要與過去東螺社平埔族人的服飾文化相關(胡家瑜 2015:33-34)。若以伊能嘉矩建構的臺灣原住民分類體系,東螺社被歸類為巴布薩(Babuza);部分語言學者則認為東螺社和阿束社原屬「費佛朗群」(或「華武壠群」)語言系統,以目前一般的分類「巴布薩族」或「洪安雅(和安雅)族」都有可能。因此,初步歸納,過去彰化、南投一帶的巴布薩族或洪安雅族人,具有木槲草織布技術和穿戴木槲草服飾的偏好(圖1)(胡家瑜 2015:34)。

除了博物館的館藏外,日本時代留下的影像資料顯示過去巴宰族或噶哈巫族女子參加祭典,除了穿著全套儀式服裝外,還會配戴鑲縫彩色玻璃珠和瑪瑙珠的華麗布帶額飾,議垂綴的珠串流蘇像珠簾般吊掛在額臉前,伴隨舞蹈搖曳生姿(圖2)(胡家瑜、歐尼基 2018:84)。

衣飾可以從幾個不同層面傳達社會價值與意義:(1)生產和製作技術範疇、(2)交換和人群關係建構範疇、(3)符號象徵和訊息傳達範疇等(胡家瑜 2014:23),因此許多人類學將衣飾視為了解社會文化特性的重要管道。博物館收藏和保存不同族群的衣飾,然而這些衣飾脱離了原本的社會文化脈絡,成了零散的學術研究資料,但另一方面也成為現今部落族人能再現過主文化和記憶的具體材料,讓人類學博物館的功能,除丁原本的保存、研究、展示、教育外、更成為當今部落動態文化傳承的工具,讓藏品重新轉化以通結當代部落,並協助部落族人召喚過去的關鍵記憶並延續文化。

圖 1、圖 2 穿戴復原圖

註釋:

  1. 本篇由國立臺灣大學人類學博物館幹事申尚艷,彙整胡家瑜教授平埔原住民相關研究。
  2. 「巴宰」(Pazeh)也經常被書寫為「巴則海」(Pazzehe),主要指過去分布於豐原、神岡和后里地區的原住民,包括岸裡、阿里史、樸仔籬和烏牛欄等社;19世紀初因漢人大量佔居原居地,許多族人陸續遷居至今苗栗鯉魚潭和南投埔里等地(胡家瑜、歐尼基 2018:80)。
  3. 「噶哈巫」一詞最早出現在伊能嘉矩的調查手稿中,他記載樸仔籬五社(過去分布於豐原以東新社、石岡和東勢一帶)族人自稱「Kahabu」(參見臺大圖書館「伊能文庫」手稿 M039)。樸仔籬五社族人 19世紀陸續遷移至埔里盆地東北眉溪流域附近的牛眠、守城份、大湳、蜈蚣崙等聚落地,因而也常被稱為「眉溪四庄」。近年來,原本被學界認為是「巴宰族」一支的牛眠、守城份、大湳、蜈蚣崙社族人,因其來源、歷史和自我認同的差異,正積極展開正名和復振運動,爭取自名為「噶哈巫」族(Kaxabu)(胡家瑜、歐尼基 2018:80)。
  4. 今日月潭附近。

參考書目:

· 伊能嘉矩著、楊南郡譯,1996《台灣踏查曰記》,臺北:遠流出版公司。
· 周鍾瑄 1962(1717)《諸羅縣志》1717,臺灣文獻叢刊第141種,臺北:臺灣銀行經濟研究室。
· 郁永河 1950(1697)《裨海記遊一番境補遺》,臺灣文獻叢刊第44種,南投:臺灣省文獻委員會。
· 胡家瑜 2015《收藏的平埔記憶一博物館文物中的噶瑪蘭身影》,《原住民族文獻雙月刊》19,原住民族委員會。
· 胡家瑜 2018〈中部平埔原住民織花衣飾〉,《織路繡徑穿重山一臺灣原住民族服飾精品聯展導覽手冊》,臺北:故宮。
· 胡家瑜編著 2014《針線下的繽紛一大武壠平埔衣飾與刺繡藏品圖錄》,高雄:高雄市立歷史博物館。
· 胡家瑜編著 2015《文物、造型與臺灣原住民藝術一臺大人類學博物館宮川次郎藏品圖錄》,臺北:臺大出版中心。
· 胡家瑜、崔伊蘭編 1998《臺大人類學系伊能藏品研究》,臺北:臺大出版中心。
· 胡家瑜、歐尼基 (Niki Alsford)編,2018,《他者視線下的地方美感:大英博物館藏臺灣文物》,臺北:臺大出版中心。
· 宮本延人 1953〈平埔番 Pazch 族上衣》,《民族學研究》18 (1/2):65,日本民族學協會。
· 黃叔璥 1959(1722)《臺海使槎錄》,臺灣文獻刊第 4種,臺北:臺灣銀行經濟研究室。
· Campbell, William(1903)Fornosa under the Dutch: Described from Contemporary Records. London: Kegan Paul.

鄒族服飾

鄒族男性的服裝多以鹿、羌、羊等獸皮縫製,戴皮帽和插飛羽是最顯著的特徵;女性著棉麻等植物纖維織製成的布衣。

鄒族勇士 – 取自:徐宗懋圖文館製作出版《台灣歷史珍稀影像1860-1960》

據傳統習俗,成年禮後男性便可配戴鹿皮帽、胸袋、皮披肩及腰刀;女性則可頭纏黑布、著胸衣、腰裙及膝褲。

成年男子會綁戴木竹製的腰帶束腹,以鍛鍊其武勇氣魄。頭目等勇士的帽子前緣加紅帶,並飾以珠玉和貝殼。女子在結婚或部落重大祭儀時,配戴有珠飾及挑織紋樣的額帶。

1930年代鄒族”特富野”社頭目之子,頭戴皮帽,帽上裝飾有帝雉、山雞尾巴的羽毛。

Characteristics of Clothing

The clothes of Tsou men were often made of leather, skins of deer, Formosan muntjac, and goat were frequently used. A leather cap with feather decorations was a special feature of men’s outfits. The cap of chiefs and warriors had red strings surrounding the edges on which many glass beads and shells were usually attached. Adult men used to bind their waists with split-bamboo or wood bands to train for combat.


Women’s wear was mainly made of ramie fiber or imported cotton cloth.

臺大人類學博物館鄒族展櫃中的說明牌

Babuza 族”達戈紋”新娘服

臺大人類學博物館常設展的平埔族櫃中沒解說不會知道的新娘服(2015 胡家瑜詳解):

右側上 (4) 串珠頭環,下 (5) 木槲草織花無袖短衣

源自 2024 彰化「百年有埔」展資料中的另兩件則未見於展櫃中:

前述串珠頭環的現場特寫鏡頭:

源自「百年有埔」展的頂視照片:

據館員申小姐說,因收藏地點在埔里,他館有推論這套新娘服屬於巴宰族。

《番社采風圖》之「迎婦」中新娘穿的”及臍短衣”(中央研究院歷史語言研究所藏)

「迎婦」全圖右上方題字:「彰邑東螺、西螺、大武郡、半線等社,娶親迎婦,名為牽手。」—來源見《番社採風圖考》(清 黃叔璥等 撰),其中織衣篇:番女機杼以木,大如栲栳,鑿空其中,橫穿以竹使可轉;纏經於上,刓木為軸系於腰,穿梭闔而織之。以苧絲為線,染以茜草,合鳥獸毛織帛,斑斕相間,名曰「達戈紋」。又有巾布等物,皆堅致。範侍御有『蓬麻茜草能成錦,何必田園定種桑』之句。

贅婿:番重生女,贅婿于家,謂之「有賺」;生男出贅,謂之「無賺」。蓋以女配男,承接宗支也。成昏日,番女靚妝坐板棚上,四人肩之;揭彩竿於前,鳴鑼喧集,遨游里社,親黨各致賀。至婿家,攜手同歸。兩家父母,亦共飲酒;三五斗以後,遺簪絕纓,歡謔無度,數日方止。

會飲
農事既畢,各番互相邀飲;必令酒多,不拘肴核。男女雜坐歡呼;其最相親愛者,亞肩並唇,取酒從上瀉下,雙入於口,傾流滿地,以為快樂。若漢人闌入,便拉同飲,不醉不止。黃侍御有詩云:『厤書不識歲時增,月幾回圓稻一登。鄰社招邀同報賽,竹杯席地俗相仍』。

諸羅縣志會飲/賽戲圖
資料來源:周鐘瑄、陳夢林編修《諸羅縣志》,臺灣文獻叢刊第 141種(臺灣銀行經濟研究室,1962)。

番戲
番俗成婚後三日,會諸親飲宴。各婦女艷妝赴集,以手相挽而相對,舉身擺蕩,以足下軒輊應之,循環不斷,為兩匝圓井形;引聲高唱,互相答和,搖頭閉目,備極媚態。此晉女子連袂踏歌意也;雖非子夜、懊儂等曲,亦有詞調自抒其天籟耳。黃侍御有詩云:『男冠毛羽女䰐鬖,衣極鮮華酒極酣。一度齊咻金一扣,不知歌曲但喃喃』。諸羅令周鐘瑄有詩五首云:『蠻姬兩兩鬥新妝,蹀𨇨花陰學舞娘。珍重一天明月夜,春來底事為人忙』?『不掄檀板不吹笙,一點鉦聲一隊行。氣味何如初中酒,山花翠羽鬢邊橫』。『聯翩把袖自歌呼,別樣風流絕世無。番調可知輸白雪,也應不似潑寒胡』。『野氣森森欲曙天,維摩新病未成眠。空餘無限羅伽女,亂把天花散舞筵』。『一曲蠻歌酒一卮,使君那惜醉淋漓。但令風物關王會,我欲從今學畫師』。範侍御亦有五絕句云:『連臂相看笑踏歌,陳詞道是感恩多(詞多感皇恩語)。劇憐不似弓鞋影,一曲春風奈若何』。『妙相天魔學舞成,垂肩瓔珞太憨生。分明即是西番曲,齊唱多羅作梵聲』。『衣冠漸已學唐人(番謂漢人曰「唐」),婦女紅衫一色新。金鼓齊鳴雙舉手,淺斟低唱又三巡』。『不須戛玉更敲金,聲韻幽揚夜漏沈。自是天民歌帝力,兒家知識本無心』。『島上方言語意深,依然天籟有清音。須知聲教通重譯,傾盡尊親萬國心』。餘亦有五絕句云:『番歌歌罷共鳴金,舞翠翻紅燭影沈。道是天家恩至渥,賡揚不盡野人心』。『大唐禮教久蒸薰,既著長衫且著裙。莫道窮荒少知識,謳歌無語不尊君』。『歌聲雖未繞梁沈,亦自悠揚載好音。不解喃喃度何曲,惟於含笑驗歡心』。『競喜村醪進玉卮,番娘沈醉踏歌遲。相將聯臂紅燈下,想見天魔夜舞時』。『清歌宛轉燭花前,舞袖翩躚共比肩。我正慚無宣化術,見渠歡忭亦欣然』。

鑿齒
番俗男女成婚曰「牽手」。彰化以北內山等社,牽手半月後,設酒延諸番親串到社,新婦以針周刺口旁為花草等狀,寬五、六分,漬以黑皂,若丈夫須髯然;蓋欲以別室女也。又男女各折去上齒二以相遺,取痛癢相關之意。《裸人叢笑篇》有云:『短布無長縫,尚元戒施縞。桶裙本陋制,不異蠻犵狫。狫蠻鑿齒喪其親,爾蠻鑿齒媾其姻,雜俗殊風仁不仁南海犵蠻,幅布圍下體,不施襞積(褶襉),號曰「桶裙」;台番似之。又犵狫親死,鑿齒以贈永訣;番結婚鑿二齒以定終身』!

拔牙中的鄒族人
作者:Paul D. Barclay
典藏者:Lafayette Digital Repository

1832年完成的《彰化縣志》風俗志關於番俗寫道:「女有夫,斷其旁二齒,以別處子。今近縣各社,亦多不折齒者。男女以澀草或芭蕉花擦齒令黑…。」

論及服飾:「衣短及臍,名籠子。布二幅,縫其半於背左右,及腋而止,餘尺許垂肩及臂,無袖,披其襟。婦女則前加以結。色尚白,或織茜毛紅紋於領﹝茜染絳之草﹞,或緣以他色,約五寸許。西螺以北色尚青,沈文開「雜記」:土番初以鹿皮為衣,夏月結麻枲,縷縷掛於下體,後乃漸易幅布。或以達戈絞為之。…達戈絞,出水沙連,如毯紵,雜樹皮成之,色瑩白。斜絞間以赭黛,長不竟床。出南路各社者皆灰色,有紋或方勝文,長亦如之。番以被體,漢人以為衣包,頗堅緻。」

欣然發現臺博館藏木槲草織衣已經蔡玉珊老師於 2013 年分析織紋並重製成功:

重製臺博館藏品

2014年又應邀成功重製了日本民藝館藏品 Babuza 族織錦短衣:

圖片來源:蔡玉珊、蔡琁珠(2023)《臺灣原住民族織繡 研究歷程與賞析》

鐵釧是何物?薩豉?

番俗六考》在「北路諸羅番三」*篇提到:臂腕束以鐵釧,有兩手用五、六十者;或用蛤釧,或縛手腕以草,長垂至地,如塵拂狀,曰「下侯落」。

清職貢圖中的西螺平埔熟番右手腕戴有多個手環:

如上圖戴很多的話,應該是類似如下銅/鎳製的鐶:

中研院民族所博物館藏的臂釧

嚴格定義來說:臂釧 vs. 腕鐶

帶銅鈴的臂釧

比較高檔的銀釧:

看起來應可調整直徑(以適應臂/腕粗細)

當然有平價版的鐵釧:

「百年有埔」展出的私人收藏,形式跟銀釧雷同

最精緻的當屬這件:

男性飾品:臂釧

以貝殼、琉璃珠、苧麻及黃藤所組成。以藤皮為主體,再將貝殼、琉璃珠經過細緻的串穿,製成精美的臂釧。(以上說明由武塔國小策展人 Wilang Mawi 及 Pisuy Poro 提供。)

臺大人類學博物館還看到不同材質的臂釧、腕鐶/鐲:

貝鐲

象牙材質的有一件:

玻璃質應屬進口:

收藏自排灣族

山豬牙臂釧:

收藏自布農族

闘走:番俗從幼學走,以輕捷較勝負。練習既久,及長,一日能馳三百餘里,雖快馬不能及。秋淋泥濘,水潦既降,星夜遞公牘,能速達。臂帶鐵釧、手執銅瓦,走則以瓦扣釧,聲如鳴鐘;一步一擊,不疾不徐,遠聞數里焉。張侍御有詩云:『競誇麻達好腰圍,健足凌空捷似飛。薩豉鏗鏘聲近遠,輕塵一道走差歸』。(麻達走遞公文,插雉尾於首。手背系薩豉宜,以鐵為之,狀如卷荷,長三寸許。展足闘走,腳掌去地尺餘,撲及其臀,沙起風飛;手鐲與薩豉宜相擊,丁當遠聞,瞬息數十里。見郡志)—清 黃叔璥等 撰《番社採風圖考》

周璽於 1832 年完成的《彰化縣志》風俗志:「約釧於手,男子煉鐵為之,曰劍脊,曰蟶殼,以多為美,疊臂彎之上下,色光如銀。婦女東洋鐲、銅起花鐲或穿瑪瑙為之。」

另外也寫到快遞少年「猫踏」(閩南語發音近”麻達”):年可十三、四,編籐或蔑,圍腹及腰,束之使小,謂之「箍肚」,便馳騁也。既有室,乃去之。夜冷月明,展足鬧捷,腳掌倒彎,去地尺許,撲及其臀,如凌空遐舉。習之既嫻,故逐走射飛,疾於奔馬。遞公文悉用猫踏,插雜尾於首,肘懸薩鼓宜,結草雙垂如帶,飄颺自喜。沙起風飛,薩鼓宜叮當遠聞,瞬息間已數十里。

唐贊袞 (1891)《臺陽見聞錄》:「薩豉宜,鑄鐵長三寸許如竹管,斜削其半,空中而尖其尾,曰薩豉宜,又名卓機輪。系其尖於掌之背;番兩手皆約鐵鐲,身行手動,則薩豉宜與鐵鐲撞擊,錚錚有聲。凡番童差役則用之。」

* 包括:大武郡、貓兒干(一作麻芝干)西螺、東螺、他里霧、猴悶、斗六(一名柴里)、二林、南社、阿束、大突、眉里、馬芝遴。