1️⃣ khuyên tai hình hai đầu thú 「雙頭獸耳環」是一種獨特的古代首飾,被認為是越南中部沿海青銅時代「沙黃文化」的特色。該文物在台灣(玉路)、菲律賓、泰國等東南亞考古遺址的發現,是這項著名文化交流傳播的可靠證據。然而,迄今為止,胡志明市芹苴林區「甕墓」出土的雙頭獸耳環數量最多、獨一無二,為研究者們研究此類古代首飾以及越南乃至東南亞甕墓習俗提供了新的視角。
圖 1•4 男子無袖長上衣 Male sleeveless garment 71 cm Lx 68cm W圖 1•5 男子無袖長上衣 Male sleeveless garment 80cm L x 80cm W圖 1•6 男子長袖長上衣 Male sleeve garment 68cm L x 65cm W
圖 1.17 桌裙 Altar hanging 90.5cm L x 86.5cm W圖 1•18 桌裙 Altar hanging 104cm L x 50cm W圖 1•18 桌裙細部圖 1•19 女子胸兜 Female chest covering 51 cm L x 42cm W圖 1.20 劍帶 A pair of sword strips 106cm L x 15cm W圖 1.21 劍帶 A pair of sword strips 74.5cm L x 12cm W
依筆者初步統計,至今約有 145位(註一)漢人、日人、西方人、以及原住民學者曾在關及原住民社會文化的著作中,或多或少介紹到,或以生活照片傅達食衣住行等概况。大體上,日本學者的著作偏在早期(1946以前),多爲概括性的介紹或分類,並常以寫真帖或圖說的方式來呈現原住民的風貌。其中,佐藤文一的《台灣原住種族の原始藝術研究》一書(1942),對服飾方面作了較詳盡的描述與分析。而台灣學者大多係選定一個族群或社區作爲實地考察的對象,報導該族衣服的紡織技術、製作過程、種類、以及紋飾的特徵等。Chi-lu Chen(陳奇祿)的 ”Material Culture of the Formosan Aborigines” 一書(1968)曾對原住民物質文化作了全面性的介紹與探討,其中在服飾部份也有頗爲詳盡的描述與圖說。
各類與植物相關的藏品中,也有來自威廉•羅伯特•普萊士(William Robert Price)的藏品。普萊士曾於 1912年12月23日在臺北鐵路飯店寫信給邱園的亞瑟•威廉•希爾(Arthur William Hill),信件中,普萊士詳細地敘述了他將從臺灣寄送到邱園的各類植物樣本15,其中包括稀有的琉球百合球莖。而普萊士所採集的物件中,有三件日後被轉贈給大英博物館,其中兩件為來自琉球(標籤註明沖繩)的布塊,另一件則為漢人物品。
大英博物館臺灣民族文物系列中與植物相關者當中,最後一件是由月桃葉所編成的附蓋籃子(月桃是薑科類植物,在日本常用於食材保存)。籃子可能來自排灣或魯凱族部落,於 1960年由邱園轉贈至大英博物館(BM. As.1960.10.447),捐贈者為亨利•約翰•艾維斯(Henry John Elwes)。艾維斯是英國植物與昆蟲學家,以其百合收藏聞名。他曾獲得皇家園藝學會(RHS)頒發維多利亞獎章,並於1880年出版《百合屬植物專論》,1906年又與奧古斯汀•亨利(Augustine Henry)合寫《英國與愛爾蘭的樹木》。艾維斯的收藏還包括目前藏於倫敦自然歷史博物館的三萬隻蝴蝶。接下來,本文將討論由人類學家及其他領域學者所捐贈的臺灣相關藏品。
1 英國長老會(PCE)檔案目前藏於倫敦大學亞非學院檔案館 (Arehives & Speclal Colections at S0AS, the University of London) 2 其他案例可參見文獻:Nicolas Peterson et al (eds.) The Makers and Making of Indigenous AustralianMuseum Collections (Melbourne: University Press, 2008) 以及 Jaqueline Yallop, Magpies, Squirrels & Thieves: How the Victorians Collected the World (London: Atlantic Books, 2011). 3 Edward Band, Working His Purpose Out: The History of the English Presbyterian Mission 1847-1947 (London: Publishing Office of the PCE, 1948 / Rpt.: Taipei: Cheng-wen, 1972), 93-95. 4 Niki J.P. Alsford (ed.) Chronicling Formosa: Setting the Foundations for the Presbyterian Mission, 1865-1876 (Taipei: Shung Ye Museum of Formosan Aborigines, 2015), 7. 5 See: Niki J.P. Alsford and Bernhard Fuehrer, Carstairs Douglas (1830-1877) and his Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy (1873), Translation Studies (forthcoming); Henning Klöter, Written Taiwanese (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005), 122; and Ann Heylen, Missionary Linguistics on Taiwan. Romanizing Taiwanese: Codification and Standardization of Dictionaries in Southern Min (1837-1923), in Authentic Chinese Christianity: Preludes to its development (nineteenth and twentieth centuries), eds., Ku Wei-ying and K. De Ridder (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2001), 135-174. 6 BM, Henry Christy (Biographical details), The British Museum, accessed 28 July 2016. 7 Ann Heylen, Grassroots Taiwan History, in Taiwan Since Martial Law, ed., David Blundell (Taipei: NTU Press, 2012), 35. 8 James Buzard and Joseph Childers, Introduction: Victorian Ethnographies, Victorian Studies 41: 3 (1998), 351. 9 Robert Gordon and Vladimir Kabo, On the Myth of the “Savage Other", Current Anthropology 30: 2 (1989), 205 10 Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures (New York, NY: Basic Books, 1973), 5. 11 Niki J.P. Alsford, Torn Between Two Worlds: Rev. Shoki Coe, Domesticity, and the Taiwanese Self-Determination Movement, in The Shaping of Christianity in China, ed., Paul Woods (Oxford: Regnum Publishing Co., forthcoming). 12 Yuval Harari, Sapiens: A brief history of mankind (London: Vintage, 2014), 279. 13 Susan Schoenbauer Thurin, Victorian Travelers and the Opening of China, 1842-1907 (Athens: Ohic University Press, 1999), 28. 14 Ibid, 32. 15 RBG, Directors’ Correspondences 152/73, Letter from W.R Price to Sir Arthur William Hill (23 Dec 1912). 16 David Blundell, A Century of Research, Austronesian Taiwan 1897-1997, in Austronesian Taiwan (Taipei: Shung Ye Museum of Formosan Aborigines, 2009), 3. 17 See Anon, World Cups: A cross-cultural look at drinking vessels, accessed 2 August 2016. 18 Martin A. Nettleship, An Experiment in Applied Anthropology among the Atayal of Taiwan, Ph.D. Diss., London School of Economics, 1971. 19 Ministry of Education, Republic of China (Taiwan), Top UK Universities Launch Taiwan Research, accessed 2 August 2016. 20 Ayako Hotta-Lister, The Japan-British Exhibition of 1910: Gateway to the island empire of the east (Oxon: Routledge, 2013), 2. 21 Hu Chia-yu, Taiwanese Aboriginal Art and Artifacts: Entangled images of colonization and modernization, in Refracted Modernity: Visual culture and identity in colonial Taiwan, ed., Yuko Kikuchi (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2007), 205. 22 Ibid, 205. 23 Ibid, 194-215.